Swedish Theater during Five Decades. Halldor Laxness. Enten-Eller presents ................. 15828$ PAGE 60 $CH1 02-27-06 11:01:02 PS EWALD, JOHANNES • 61 Kierkegaard’s theory of the aesthetic and the ethical spheres of existence and adumbrates what Kierkegaard calls the religious stage. Hjalmar Bergman. Among the recipients are Johan Borgen, Bo Carpelan, Lars Saabye Christensen, Sven Delblanc, Gunnar Ekelo¨ f, Kerstin Ekman, Per Olov Enquist, Kjartan Fløgstad, Thorkild Hansen, William Heinesen, Snorri Hjartarson, Eyvind Johnson, Jan Kjærstad, Sara Lidman, Va¨ ino¨ Linna, Ivar Lo-Johansson, Henrik Nordbrandt, Klaus Rifbjerg, Peter Seeberg, Dag Solstad, Per Olof Sundman, Villy Sørensen, Pia Tafdrup, Tomas Transtro¨mer, Go¨ran Tunstro¨m, Nils-Aslak Valkeapa¨a¨, Tarjei Vesaas, Thor Vilhja´lmsson, Herbjørg Wassmo, and Dorrit Willumsen. Myrdal has written a number of novels, which are thoroughly informed by his commitments and his worldview. At issue were the related questions of whether political power in Norway should rest with the upper middle class, consisting mostly of government servants, large land owners, and merchants, or if it should be shared with farmers and other previously disenfranchised groups. (1973; tr. A central figure of the novel is Danish king Christian II (1489–1559), who is portrayed as losing his power due to his inability to act decisively. Skovgaard-Petersen, Inge. Inspired by socialist realist doctrines, it depicted the exploitation of low-paid workers in the Norwegian countryside; it is also notable for the author’s violations of narrative conventions, which Hoem, following the German dramatist Bertold Brecht (1898–1956), hoped would cause readers to have an analytical attitude toward his story rather than reading it chiefly for entertainment. Lars Gyllensten. Internet resources will also be useful to many, although they are of varying quality and dependability. ‘‘Icelandic Literature: Preserver of National Culture.’’ Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 1, no. Engelberg, Karsten, ed. The volume for Iceland is scheduled to appear in 2006. They have a baby out of wedlock, and are finally reconciled with Tord through the good offices of the story’s narrator, Carl Møhlmann, whose powers of persuasion are no match for the farmer. Boston: Gale, 2004. The three plays Besøk (2000; Visit), Vinter (2000; Winter), and Ettermiddag (2000; Afternoon) continue the themes of jealousy, isolation, and failure of communication. She ................. 15828$ PAGE 273 $CH1 02-27-06 11:02:06 PS 274 • UTVANDRARNA published no more works of fiction. 1 (1985): 2–12. Most of the time, the cultural and literary impulses traveled north, rather than from Scandinavia to Europe. He also produced a collection of musical reviews. The alienation of contemporary life in Sweden is also presented in Percy Wennerfors (1982), a book of poems that parodies well-known fairy tales as it presents a little girl who resists her female role by communicating through animal noises. Her work is in many ways an extension of that of the great Finland-Swedish modernists Edith So¨ dergran and Elmer Diktonius, but von Schoultz early found her own distinctive voice and became one of the great poets writing in Swedish, not only in Finland but in Sweden as well. 1 (1985): 82–90. Hanson, Kathryn S. ‘‘Adam Oehlenschla¨ger’s Romanticism.’’ Scandinavian-Canadian Studies/Etudes Scandinaves au Canada 2 (1986): 39–50. See also ROMANTICISM. Faith Ingwersen and Mary Kay Norseng. ———. Thor Vilhja´lmsson Hallberg, Peter. Efforts to remedy Estonia’s lack of a national culture are vividly portrayed in the short novel Ants Raudjalg (1907), which tells the story of a man whose efforts end in defeat as he leaves the country in order to find work in Russia. Gyllembourg’s significance to Danish literature consists in her willingness to discuss such issues, however pseudonymously. ‘‘The Intoxication of Insight: Notes on Lars Nore´n.’’ Theater 22 (1990–91): 89–92. ‘‘The Shadow,’’ multiple publication dates) features a scholar who searches for the good, the true, and the beautiful, only to have his social position taken over by his shadow, who finally arranges to have the man killed. A History of Norwegian Literature. Comedies by Plautus and Molie`re were among Holberg’s readings and served as examples for him, but he is far more than simply an imitator. The Last Athenian, 1869) expresses Rydberg’s humanism and love of classical culture. His first collection of poetry, Vallfart och vandringsa˚ r (1888; Pilgrimage and Years of Wandering), is characterized by a focus on the individual, aestheticism, a love of the exotic, and Heidenstam’s admiration for the cultures of the classical past. Plays written during the late 1970s exhibit a higher degree of realism in their form, and this is especially the case after Nore´n sought formal psychotherapy subsequent to the death of his father. DuBois, Thomas A. Finnish Folk Poetry and the Kalevala. The book mixes features of popular literature with the conventions of belles lettres, intermingles old-fashioned literary conventions with modernist ones, alternates segments of realistic narration with outlandish fantasy, and tells its story of industrialization in western Norway through a veritable chorus of sometimes competing voices. Tva˚sam (1949; Twosome) features two ¨ vervaktma¨staren (the Janitorial Supervisor) and Vaktcharacters, O ma¨staren (the Janitor), who are at odds with each other in the manner of a Freudian ego and super-ego, and who may be regarded as different aspects of the same individual. Knut Faldbakken Lessing, Doris. ‘‘True at Any Time: Grundtvig’s Subjective Interpretation of Nordic Myth.’’ Scandinavian Studies 73 (2001): 507–34. While en route she helps a young man escape from the policeman who is guarding him, after which the two of them go on a crime spree across Europe. In Vildanden (1884; tr. Sagn og Syner (1909; Legends and Visions), Det banker (1911; There Is Knocking), and Jydske Historier (1916; Jutland Stories) are short story collections that express Jensen’s love for her native Himmerland (a district in Jutland) and her interest in the paranormal. Boston: Twayne, 1984. Two of these poems bear mention, as they gesture at the two main strands within national romanticism. ‘‘Luren’’ (1819; The ................. 15828$ PAGE 102 $CH1 02-27-06 11:01:19 PS HANSEN, THORKILD • 103 Shepherd’s Horn) inaugurated the peasant tale, later popularized by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, into Norwegian literature. ‘‘Hans Egede Schack’s ‘Phantasterne.’ ’’ Scandinavian Studies 35 (1966): 51–58. Strindberg: A Biography. She continued her autobiographical work in the novel Vilhelms værelse (1975; Vilhelm’s Room). Sea Swell, 1986), in which the protagonist of Alltid skyer over Askøy returns, tells the poignant story of an unwed mother’s search ................. 15828$ PAGE 176 $CH1 02-27-06 11:01:38 PS LØVEID, CECILIE • 177 for love and a sense of self after she has been abandoned by her married lover. Wonderful Women by the Sea, 1998), on the other hand, tells about two culturally Americanized Finnish women, Rosa and Isabella, who try to imitate consumerist glamour as presented on the pages of Life magazine. After publishing a collection of short stories and two novels, one of which, Till varmare la¨nder (1961; To Warmer Lands), takes place partly in hell, Jersild had his literary breakthrough with Calvinols resa genom va¨rlden (1965; Calvinol’s Voyage throughout the World), a doctor’s fantastic journey through time and space. Det er også en kilde for nogle af de sjoveste jokes. Of the major writers of the Modern Breakthrough it was only the Swede August Strindberg who seriously questioned the need for the advancement of women. ‘‘Two Quotations in Ekelo¨ f’s ‘Absentia animi.’ ’’ Germanic Review 44 (1969): 45–60. It was followed by a book of 60 poems that together form a lyrical novel, Landet av honning og aske (1970; The Land of Honey and Ashes), and then by the book that gave him his literary breakthrough, the novel Anna Lena (1971). Rantavaara, Irma. Artur Lundkvist, Swedish writer, publishes Glo¨d. An- ................. 15828$ PAGE 215 $CH1 02-27-06 11:01:51 PS 216 • REALISM other significant Danish publisher of the late 19th century was P. G. Philipsens Forlag, which through 1895 published such writers as Henrik Pontoppidan and Arne Garborg. With humor and self-irony, the poems in these collections discuss such fundamental issues of life as the relationship between nature and culture and between the individual and the community, and Andersen’s work was perceived as meaningful by a large audience. Kittang, Atle. Martinson responded by publishing little of what he wrote. Danish writer Johannes V. Jensen publishes Kongens Fald. ———. Peder Victorious, 1929) and Den signede dag (1931; tr. Værter: Annamette Fuhrmann, Svenne Lund Jensen og Simon Brix Frederiksen. Schildt produced novellas and short stories for a scant eight years, from 1912 to 1920. Vik’s most important contribution to the Norwegian novel is an autobiographical trilogy, Sma˚ nøkler, store rom (1988; Small Keys, Big Rooms), Poplene pa˚ St. Hanshaugen (1991; The Poplars at St. Hanshaugen), and Elsi Lund (1994). In Chefen Fru Ingeborg (1924; tr. Anna Maria Lenngren, 1784–1817. Monika Fagerholm Dickens, Eric. The Difficult Hour, 1961) and Himlens hemlighet (1919; tr. These books all drew on Fløgstad’s experiences as a sailor and as a factory worker and provided true-to-life descriptions of life in the merchant marine and on the factory floor. ‘‘Dethroning the Dictionary.’’ Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 9, no. Literature in Sweden. These books were written during his marriage to Moa Martinson, a writer 14 years his senior, whom he later divorced. 1897) deals primarily with the relationship between parents and children, while Naar Sol gaar ned (1895; When the Sun Sets), like some of Lie’s earlier works, explores jealousy in marriage. Runeberg is even better known for his epic poetry. Recensenten og Dyret (1826; The Critic and the Animal) satirizes critics who write just for money without any real knowledge of their subject. Therefore, a writer should not engage in imaginative investigations of their mental life but should be content with describing their observable behavior. Meı¨r Goldschmidt. Ballad singing appears to have accompanied ring dancing, and this practice has survived up to modern times in the Faroes. Swedish writer Lars Gustafsson publishes Dekanen, which combines elements of the mystery story with philosophy. Blixen’s second book was a narrative based on her experiences on the coffee farm, Den afrikanske Farm (1937; tr. ‘‘Double-Voiced Discourse in Thorkild Hansen’s Jens Munk.’’ Scandinavian Studies 66 (1994): 533–51. 2 (1988): 28–43. Two Minutes of Silence, 1966), as is his focus on the significance of childhood experiences. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981. ................. 15828$ PAGE 338 BIBL 02-27-06 11:00:52 PS BIBLIOGRAPHY • 339 ———. Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom’s fairy tale play Lycksalighetens o¨ (1824–1827; The Isle of Bliss), for example, is one of the major works of Swedish romanticism. 1991 Norwegian writer Jostein Gaarder publishes Sofies verden, his blockbuster . All of these universities have helpful collections of library materials. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988. 1891), while the male mind was similarly examined in Bygmester Solness (1892; The Master Builder, 1893). The Angelic Avengers, 1946), under the pseudonym Pierre Andre´ zel. The king of Sweden from 1771 until his assasination during a masked ball in 1792, Gustav III had deep literary and cultural interests and forged strong cultural ties with France. 3 (1968): 83–93. The poetry collection Misteltein (1988; Mistletoe) was followed by the novel Seks netter, seks dagar (1989; Six Nights, Six Days) and the short story collection Forsøk pa˚ a˚ halda fast tida (1993; Attempt- ................. 15828$ PAGE 205 $CH1 02-27-06 11:01:47 PS 206 • ¨ GER, ADAM OEHLENSCHLA ing to Make Time Stay Put) as well as a volume of poetry entitled Mimosa Myosotis Rosmarin (1994; Mimosa, Myosotis, Rosemary). ‘‘Nature in Icelandic Poetry.’’ Literary Review: An International Journal of Contemporary Writing 39 no. A Danish poet, novelist, and short story writer, Ditlevsen was born to a working-class family where she was actively discouraged from pursuing an education. Out of Africa, 1937), and whose stories contain a number of fascinating women characters. ———. ................. 15828$ PAGE 271 $CH1 02-27-06 11:02:05 PS 272 • UNDSET, SIGRID –U– UNDSET, SIGRID (1882–1949). An aristocrat by birth, Heidenstam traveled widely during his youth and visited most of the countries of the eastern Mediterranean. Fejltagelsen (1964; The Mistake), Den gale mand (1965; The Crazy Man), Fern fra Danmark (1963; Fern from Denmark), Daniels anden verden (1970; Daniel’s Other World), and Vinduerne, 1971; The Windows) are all in this vein. Marx, Leonie. Nu imorron (1970; Now Tomorrow) and Ingenmansland (1972; No Man’s Land) deal with a couple, modeled on the Tikkanens, and their stormy relationship, including the social conditions that enable such marriages. Pape, Lis Wedell. World Bibliographical Series 31. Schaffer, Rachel. Ingwersen, Niels. A Doll’s House, 1880) explores the role of women in the home and in society, concluding that a woman has not only the right but the duty to leave her husband and family if she is prevented by her marriage from realizing her full potential as a human being. Blackwell, Marilyn J., ed. During the 1930s he published his first novel, Na˚ r alt kommer til alt (1934; When Everything Is Said and Done), as well as several plays, the most remarkable of which is Mens vi venter (1938; While We Are Waiting), which departs from the realistic style, inherited from Henrik Ibsen, that was the standard in Norwegian theater at the time. His literary breakthrough came with the poetry collection A˚ngest (1916; Anguish), a monument to the modernistic sensibilities of the time, as it emphasized fragmentation, loneliness, and absence of meaning. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1971. Sja˚vik, Jan. Lesning som sentral trope i Knut Hamsuns Pan.’’ In Modernismen i Skandinavisk litteratur som historisk fenomen og teoretisk problem, ed. ‘‘Rølvaag’s Beret Revisited: A Rejoinder.’’ Norwegian-American Studies 35 (2000): 141–51. Hansen’s work shined a bit of daylight on some embarrassing facts from the past, including Denmark’s reluctance to outlaw slavery, and the Enlightenment writer Ludvig Holberg’s financial involvement with a company that participated in the slave trade. ‘‘Aino Kallas 1878–1956: Ambassador Extraordinary.’’ Books from Finland 12 (1978): 159–63. A Norwegian novelist, short story writer, and essayist, Solstad is recognized as one of the foremost Norwegian writers of his generation. These ideas are further explored in the more pessimistic novel Mariamne (1967; tr. A Swedish novelist and poet, Martinson came from a background of abject poverty in the slums of the town of Norrko¨ping. See also THEATER. Best thought of as a collage, Polyfem fo¨ rvandlad (1964; Polyphemus Transformed) uses Ovid’s Metamorphoses as an intertext, but with such twists as when the ................. 15828$ PAGE 156 $CH1 02-27-06 11:01:32 PS ¨R • LAGERKVIST, PA 157 story of Odysseus’s escape from the eponymous Cyclops is narrated from Polyphemus’s point of view. The League of Youth, 1890), he finished his longest play— consisting of 10 acts divided into two evenings of performance— which has the title Kejser og Galilæer (1873; tr. The Bankrupt, 1914) is thematically related to Henrik Ibsen’s Samfundets støtter (1877; tr. The Children on Troublemaker Street, 1964) and Madicken (1960; tr. While such poets as the Finland-Swedish writers Edith So¨ dergran (1892–1923) and ................. 15828$ PAGE xxxvi INTR 02-27-06 11:00:22 PS INTRODUCTION • xxxvii Elmer Diktonius (1896–1961) had presented modernist poetry in Scandinavia quite early, the Swede Pa¨r Lagerkvist (1891–1974) wrote both modernist poetry and prose and became one of modernism’s great champions in Scandinavian literature. Someone Is Going ................. 15828$ PAGE 73 $CH1 02-27-06 11:01:07 PS 74 • FOSSE, JON to Come, 2002), in which a marriage breaks down subsequent to the arrival of a third person. Willimantic, Conn.: Curbstone, 1983. The play has long been an inspiration to feminism. Baggesen also published collections of his occasional poetry. Houe, Poul. Wikipedias grundlægger Jimmy Wales, 41, bruger sit eget internetbaserede opslagsværk til at gøre en ende på forholdet til sin kæreste. Kjartan Fløgstad publishes Dalen Portland, one of Norway’s first postmodernist novels. But Hamsun lived on to make the biggest mistake of his life, as he supported the German occupants during the war, although he also used his influence to secure the release of some Norwegians who had been arrested by the Nazis. All three books have in common that the protagonists are confused and that their confusion is reflected in the disjointed language that is used consciously by Fosse to give a sense of its representationalist limits. Chapman, Kenneth G. ‘‘From Edda to Atom: A Brief Look at Contemporary Icelandic Poetry.’’ Books Abroad 38 (1964): 5–10. With strong intertextual references to Henrik Ibsen’s Gengangere (1881; tr. It is ................. 15828$ PAGE 279 $CH1 02-27-06 11:02:07 PS 280 • WALTARI, MIKA TOIMI thus not a particularly optimistic story. The son of a literary historian, he was educated as a pharmacist, and he traveled to the United States and Ecuador in 1920–1921. The relationship between him and his father is a Socratic one, but the boy increasingly takes responsibility for his own education. Lingard, John. Sjo´leidin til Bagdad (performed 1965; tr. In all these matters, Wergeland and other progressives were bitterly opposed by the traditionalists. 1 (2004): 23–38. Columbia, S.C.: Camden House, 1993. ———. He had his literary debut with a collection of poetry, Fo¨r morgonbris (1883; With the Morning Breeze), which was followed by Nya vers (1885; New Verses), poems written in a rather old form inherited from his great predecessor Johan Ludvig Runeberg. En komikers uppva¨st (1992; A Comedian Grows Up) is an autobiographical novel that offers many details about Gardell’s own life. The Story of Go¨ sta Berling, 1898), written by the great Swedish story-teller Selma Lagerlo¨f (1858–1941), offers probing psychological portraits of its characters, while the theme of cultural change—some might say decay—is presented against a background of fable and myth, the result being that Lagerlo¨f’s book is both highly entertaining and a great antidote to cultural pessimism. 4 (1986): 79–89. Moa Martinson Wright, Rochelle. A Poet’s Tragedy: The Trial of C. J. L. Almqvist. Brothers and Sisters, 1848) is a further expression of Bremer’s idealism as a social reformer. DALIN, OLOF VON (1708–1763). Verner von Heidenstam Allnutt, A. Pa˚ den anden side (1965; On the Other Side) deals with issues of communication in marriage. Jeg vil værge mit land (1912; I Shall Defend My Country) is set in 1905 and deals with the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden. The novel Jacob (1891) concludes Kielland’s fictional oeuvre. Prose narratives were also produced during these years. Solstad has also published several volumes of essays, talks, and articles. Norwegian writer Jens Bjørneboe publishes Frihetens øyeblikk, the first novel in a trilogy that presents the history of cruelty in European life. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson vigorously advocated for Brandes’s view of the purpose of literature and ................. 15828$ PAGE xxxi INTR 02-27-06 11:00:19 PS xxxii • INTRODUCTION practiced it in such plays as En fallit (1875; tr. ‘‘The Quest for Authenticity in Three Novels by Johan Borgen.’’ Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 4, no. The theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) became very influential in Scandinavian literature after World War I. Hans Kirk, a Danish Marxist, depended heavily on Freud in his social analysis and, in particular, in his depiction of religion. At first the young Mogens acts like an animal; only later does he overcome his instinctual hedonism and find happiness in a lasting love relationship. Always the radical, and often perceived as being on the extreme left, he has been a clear-eyed observer and a relentless critic of cultural and political forces. Guldhornene - DVD. Selma Lagerlo ¨f Afzelius, Nils. Her literary debut was a volume of poetry entitled Indeniudenfor (1967; Inside-Outside), which was followed by a small collection of short stories, I dagens anledning (1968; In Honor of the Occasion). Many of the important 19th-century literary critics were also writers of poetry, fiction, and drama, and this pattern has continued in Scandinavia up to the present. ¨ STA BERLING, THE. ................. 15828$ PAGE xxxii INTR 02-27-06 11:00:20 PS INTRODUCTION • xxxiii These theoretical concerns had certain consequences for both the style of the naturalist literary work and the author’s choice of subject matter. Fortællinger om natten (1990; tr. Set at the end of the 20th century, the frame story presents the disembodied thoughts of the recently deceased industrialist and engineer Wilhelm Boldt, whose body is about to be cremated. Ibsen: A Biography. See also BOYE, KARIN; BRØGGER, SUZANNE; HEIBERG, GUNNAR; JENSEN, THIT. Ole E. Rølvaag publishes I de dage, the first part of a tetralogy depicting Norwegian settlers on the American frontier in the 1870s. Fjalar tries to stay the hand of fate but discovers that fate has already anticipated his futile attempt, thereby foiling it. This theme is continued in Et nytt land utanfo¨r mitt fo¨nster (2001; A New Land outside My Window). Stockholm: Swedish Institute, 1986. He was also psychically unstable; he believed that some of his enemies were out to get him, and that they were somehow reaching him with electric currents. A recent collection of poetry is En tid i Xanadu (2002; A Time in Xanadu). India is presented in Indien va¨ ntar (1980; tr. In the 1960s he published three novels. Per Olof Sundman and the Icelandic Sagas: A Study of Narrative Method. The approximate beginning time for the use of runic letters. Gardell has published a volume of drama, Isbjo¨rnarna; Cheek to cheek; Ma¨nniskor i solen: tre pja¨ser (1997; The Polar Bears; Cheek to Cheek; People in the Sun: Three Plays). I, Lars Ha˚rd, 1985), Tack fo¨r himlastegen (1936; tr. Dreams of Roses and Fire, 1984) and of war itself in his Krilon trilogy (1941–1943). The novels explain the social and economic reasons for emigration from Sweden to the United States and describe both the journey across the sea, the process of homesteading, and the lives of the immigrants as more or less successful American citizens. A Doll’s House, 1880), which deal with such favorite realist topics as corruption, the role of women, and outmoded ideas. 2 (2003): 3–24. A Norwegian novelist and short story writer, Gaarder is known primarily for his novel Sofies verden (1991; tr. Literary modernism is usually defined in contradistinction to realism and naturalism, and especially in opposition to the scientific worldview on which they rest. Several biographies of Mykle were published in the 1990s, and many younger Norwegian writers have found inspiration in his work. Hansen also published an autobio- ................. 15828$ PAGE 104 $CH1 02-27-06 11:01:19 PS HAUGE, ALFRED • 105 graphical volume entitled Søforhør: Nærbillede af Thorkild Hansen (1982; Maritime Inquest: Close-up of Thorkild Hansen), which, in the form of an extended interview and illustrated with photographs from the author’s life, looked like an autobiographical apology. Sveinn Skorri Hoskuldsson. New works are given a great deal of attention in the press, particularly in the national newspapers. When in 1910 a suggestion was made that he should be given an equivalent sum of money by the Swedish people, a series of newspaper articles set off the final con- ................. 15828$ PAGE 251 $CH1 02-27-06 11:02:00 PS 252 • STURLUSON, SNORRI flict in his life, the ‘‘Strindberg Feud.’’ He died from stomach cancer on 14 May 1912. Ideas and Ideologies in Scandinavian Literature since the First World War: Proceedings from the Tenth Study Conference of the International Association for Scandinavian Studies. Ibsen’s 12 modern prose dramas can be divided into three groups of four plays each. In Sweden Albert Bonnier’s Publishing House had a position similar to that of Gyldendal in Copenhagen. Five Stories Selected from ‘‘The Karolines.’’ London: Harrap, 1922. The early work of Hans Christian Branner is strongly marked by the Freudian inspired psychological realism of the interwar period. The novel Djurdoktorn (1973; tr. Other narrative poems are Kronbruden (1841; The Crown Bride) and Axel (1822), which takes place during the war with Russia under King Karl XII. Her chief weapon is to get him to doubt that he is the biological father of their child, and the resulting ‘‘psychic murder,’’ as Strindberg calls it, is truly a tragedy because he is a highly gifted man, much more so than his wife, who will henceforth be able to raise their child as she alone sees fit. Norwich, U.K.: Norvik Press, 1998. 2003. Fogelstro¨m’s first Stockholm novels were in a series consisting of five volumes that depict the city’s transition from a preindustrial town to a modern metropolis: Mina dro¨ mmars stad (1960; City of My Dreams), Barn av sin stad (1962; Children of Their City), Minns du den stad (1964; Do You Remember the City), I en fo¨rvandlad stad (1966; In a Transformed City), and Stad i va¨rlden (1968; City in the World). The eponymous Hedda in the play Hedda Gabler (1890; tr. Asmundsson, Doris R. ‘‘Fredrika Bremer: Sweden’s First Feminist.’’ In Woman as Mediatrix: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Women Writers, ed. Set in Christiania, it tells about its narrator’s mental self-experiments; he periodically starves himself so as to observe the effects of starvation on his mind. Creating Place in O. E. Rølvaag’s Giants in the Earth.’’ Great Plains Quarterly 23 (2003): 245–59. Bo¨o¨k, Fredrik. Much in Wittgenstein’s spirit, Østerrike is an interesting meditation on the power and limits of language. For this reason, Leonora Christina was jailed from 1663 to 1685. A History of Swedish Literature. Aware that Finland had no native dramatic tradition, Topelius turned his energies to the theater, offering dramatizations of two of his tales, and he wrote the librettos for two early Finnish operas. Two volumes of poems and songs were published during Bellman’s lifetime. ———. Three more novels and a play deal with unhappily married women. Ole Edvart Ro¨lvaag. In Pukehornet (1967; The Devil’s Horn), she departed from the rigid conventions of the mystery novel by dispensing with the need for an identifiable crime. Two novels, Professor Hieronimus (1895) and Paa St. Jørgen (1895; tr. It was alternately ridiculed and hailed as something entirely new in both Finland-Swedish and Swedish poetry. The Death of a Beekeeper, 1981)—all share a protagonist named after the author, Lars. The Snake, 1995), in which the snake symbolizes the guilt and fear of the book’s characters, who tell stories in order to cope. SKALLAGRI´MSSON, EGIL (ca. Icelandic writer Einar Ka´rason publishes 8ar sem djo¨ flaeyjan rı´s. The young Nils is unkind to animals, and as punishment he is shrunk by a gnome, after which he travels around Sweden on the back of a goose. Special mention is made of Thor’s powerful and expressive dialect, the traditional dress of the members of the family, and their food ways. Karen Blixen Aiken, Susan Hardy. Swedish writer Harry Martinson publishes Resor utan ma˚l. The title character in A¨ nkan (1988; The Widow), by contrast, has acquired a means of regaining her youth and, with it, seemingly unlimited freedom. Morgon og kveld (2000; Morning and Evening) takes place partly after the death of the protagonist, as he continues to exist in a spiritual realm. He also affected the development of the modern Icelandic written language. Gudmundsson, Finnbogi. His first modern dramas were the realist Fadren (1887; tr. De var udsmykket med billeder af dyr og mennesker fra jernalderens mytologi. Her plays tend to be brief, with few characters and a minimalist dialogue that is nevertheless pregnant with meaning. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.

Sine Efterskole Anmeldelser, Vurdering Af Forbedringer Andelslejlighed, Diabetisk Retinopati Lægehåndbogen, Miele Professionel Opvaskemaskine G 7859, Skovsgårdsparken 3 Hørning, Opvarmning Af Kartoffelmos I Ovn,